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Re: child trauma
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<DIV>Re: objects:</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Child abuse/neglect policy is always going to be implemented within the
framework of established law, which is also going to include caselaw. </DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>In the mid-80's, Christian parents who used a plastic spoon for spanking
were the subjects of a substantiated child abuse finding. No criminal charges
were pressed. The CA/N finding was appealed to the state Supreme Court, which
affirmed that the use of the spoon did not constitute abuse under the legal
definition of abuse (which included significant physical or emotional harm).
Since then, there have been instances in which local agencies have disregarded
(or are not familiar with) the state court finding and announce to parents that
corporal punishment with an object is illegal, period. I have detailed knowledge
of two of those instances in which the parents used the particular case to
overturn administrative findings regarding alleged abuse. The parents had been
told by CA/N investigators--as other parents are likely told and seem to
believe--that corporal punishment is illegal, period. (In one case, the father
had been arrested by a police detective who found himself having to acknowledge
his own parenting practices, including spanking, on the witness stand). </DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>That U.S. laws and courts do not follow European trends is not at all
surprising (think national health care, capital punishment, drug policy). And
professionals do work within their cultures. </DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>In states where corporal punishment is allowed in schools, an object is
used. Any views or objective evidence on whether there is any fundamental
difference in using an object vs. using a hand? I suppose the rationale is that
the parent using their hand can judge the force of the blow--but is that even
accurate? A flat object disperses the physical force in ways a hand might
not--not to mention the difference between a flat object and a narrow belt or
piece of electrical wire (yet a parent who uses a wide belt is apt to be
perceived as more aggressive and violent than one who uses a narrow belt). What
about the difference between a spank on the buttocks of a toddler who is
standing vs. forcing a child to lie down flat, face down (talk about vulnerable
position) to receive a spanking? </DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>I think in loco parentis generally does not mean state power--it means
whoever is standing in the place of a parent (such as in school, care-giving
situations--and until the early 70's, colleges and universities); parens patrie
refers to the power of the state to intercede. </DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Sheri McMahon</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV> <STRONG>From:</STRONG> <A title=plehmann@uta.edu
href="mailto:plehmann@uta.edu";>Lehmann, Peter</A> </DIV>
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<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>To:</B> <A
title=child-maltreatment-research-l@list.cornell.edu
href="mailto:child-maltreatment-research-l@list.cornell.edu";>Child
Maltreatment Researchers</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Sent:</B> Sunday, January 18, 2009 4:07
PM</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Subject:</B> RE: child trauma</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face=Tahoma color=#000000 size=2>Some years ago at the
first conference on children exposed to domestic violence in London Canada I
heard Murray Straus say there was one thing that would dramatically cut
the rates at which children experience maltreatment; </FONT><FONT
face=tahoma>teach, support, and encourage parents not to
spank. So, it is still pretty amazing that in 2009 and after the
evidence is in, the professional field is still in favor of
saying that under certain conditions and using certain techniques it's
ok. p in tx</FONT></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr> </DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face=Tahoma size=2><B>From:</B>
bounce-3471979-6833529@list.cornell.edu
[bounce-3471979-6833529@list.cornell.edu] On Behalf Of DeanTong@aol.com
[DeanTong@aol.com]<BR><B>Sent:</B> Friday, January 16, 2009 9:23
AM<BR><B>To:</B>
child-maltreatment-research-l@list.cornell.edu<BR><B>Subject:</B> Re: child
trauma<BR></FONT><BR></DIV>
<DIV></DIV>
<DIV><FONT id=role_document face=Arial color=#000000 size=2>
<DIV>This APA release <A href="http://www.apa.org/releases/spanking.html";
target=_blank>http://www.apa.org/releases/spanking.html</A> for the most
part reinforces Gershoff's findings. It does allude to the fact that corporal
punishment (Most true Christians insist on following-up corporal punishment
with a hug of the child) does bring immediate child compliance. Dr. Straus and
I, et al, argued our points on this very topic about 10 years ago at a
conference in the beltway.</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>I'm torn between the fairly strong empirical data that shows parents
shouldn't administer slaps, whacks, et al for disciplinary reasons, and taking
away parents' rights to control their children's behaviors so long as they
don't leave "significant welts or bruises." And in my 25 years in this issue
I've always told parents to only apply an open hand on the buttocks and to no
other anatomical area and with no other tool (spoon, coat hanger, strap, belt,
et al).</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Other alternative disciplinary measures such as "time out" or
"taking away privileges" are not absolute remedies in controlling children's
aberrant behaviors. And as someone who has consulted with thousands of
families since 1984 on this very topic I always worry about giving more
control to the State. In law, this is called in loco parentis or parens
patriae. I'm certain our incoming Secretary of State, the author of the book
"It Takes A Village," Hillary Clinton, would concur with Dr. Straus' findings
herein. That said, is there still not a line of demarcation between the
administration of corporal punishment and physical child abuse?</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Dean Tong</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT lang=0 face=Arial size=2><BR> <BR>Dean Tong, MSc., Forensic
Trial Consultant<BR>604 Brentwood Place<BR>Brandon, FL
33511<BR><BR>813.657.4930, Ph/Fax<BR>813.417.5362, Cell<BR>800.854.0735,
Books/Media<BR><A href="http://www.abuse-excuse.com/";
target=_blank>http://www.abuse-excuse.com</A><BR><A
href="http://www.deantong.com/";
target=_blank>http://www.DeanTong.com</A></FONT><FONT lang=0 face=Arial
color=#8000ff size=2><BR><BR><BR>Read </FONT><FONT lang=0 face=Arial
color=#800040 size=2><I>Dean Tong's</FONT><FONT lang=0 face=Arial
color=#000080 size=2></I> articles</FONT><FONT lang=0 face=Arial color=#400080
size=2> online at<BR><B><I><A
href="http://www.newswithviews.com/Tong/deanA.htm";
target=_blank>www.newswithviews.com/Tong/deanA.htm</A></B></I></FONT><FONT
lang=0 face=Arial color=#800080 size=2><BR><BR></FONT><FONT lang=0 face=Arial
color=#000000 size=2><I><U><BR>Disclaimer</I></U>: <B>Dean Tong is not an
attorney licensed to practice law. His professional opinion herein must not be
construed as legal advice. And the recipient of this e-mail should always
first query an attorney for professional legal advice. If you are not the
intended recipient of this e-mail please delete the same.
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>In a message dated 1/16/2009 9:57:42 A.M. Eastern Standard Time,
murray.straus@unh.edu writes:</DIV>
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<DIV class=Section1>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">Dear
Todd & List:</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">The
most pervasive, and also the most ignored child trauma, is being hit by
parents in the name of "discipline." Our national surveys
and other studies have found that at least a third of parents hit infants --
typically a slap on the hand for touching something forbidden or dangerous
or for repeatedly pushing food off a high chair tray. The percentage
increases to over 90% for spanking or slapping toddlers.
American culture (and most others) define this as harmless if done "in
moderation" by loving parents. However, the empirical evidence
indicates the harmlessness is a cultural myth. </SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">Below
is a list of some of the studies providing the evidence indicating that
being hit by parents is a traumatic experience for children, and that it has
the typical effects of being a victim of a traumatic experience.
All of the studies are available in the Corporal Punishment Pape</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">rs
section of my website <A title=http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2
href="http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2";
target=_blank>http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2</A> </SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">These
studies, which can be downloaded from my website, have found that more
corporal punishment, the greater the probability of:</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">*
Post traumatic stress symptoms (paper CP67 - paper in preparation, but
preliminary Power Point is on my website)</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">*
Slower than average growth in cognitive ability (paper CP51R)</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">*
Antisocial behavior (paper CP24)</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">*
Depressive symptoms (paper CP03)</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">*
Physical violence to dating and marital partners later in life (paper
CP23)</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">*
A summary of longitudinal studies which help establish the causal direction
(paper CP41)</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">The
"effect sizes" for the above are low, but because corporal punishment is
experienced by over 90% of American children, the cumulative adverse effect
on American children and American society is very large (see page 212 of
attached paper CP41 on Benefits of Never Spanking).</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">Also
of interest may be the following on my website</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">*
National survey showing that 94% of parents hit toddlers, at least
occasionally (paper CP36)</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">*
Article documenting the neglect in the scholarly literature of research
showing harmful effects of corporal punishment (paper
CP65)
</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.5in"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">I
also recommend the following excellent meta analysis:</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> </SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.5in"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.5in"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Gershoff, E. T.
(2002). Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and
experiences: A meta-analytic and theoretical review. <I>Psychological
Bulletin, 128</I>, 539-579.</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">
</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">Best,</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">
Murray</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Murray
A. Straus<BR>Professor of Sociology and Co-Director<BR>Family Research
Laboratory<BR>University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824<BR>603-862-2594
Fax: 603-862-1122 </SPAN><A title=mailto:murray.straus@unh.edu
href="mailto:murray.straus@unh.edu";><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">murray.straus@unh.edu</SPAN></A><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">
<BR></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> </SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri','sans-serif'">
<BR></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Copies
of many of my papers and some out-of-print books can be downloaded from my
website </SPAN><A title=http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2
href="http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2"; target=_blank><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2</SPAN></A><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">.
For information about the Family Research Laboratory, conferences, and
bibliographies of publications by members of the laboratory log into
</SPAN><A title=http://www.unh.edu/frl href="http://www.unh.edu/frl";
target=_blank><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">www.unh.edu/frl</SPAN></A><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> <IMG
id=MA1.1232119380 height=448 alt="07-signiture file-pic"
src="cid:CA49210340F143E38CE46F0E651F13CC@desktop001"; width=300
border=0></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"> </SPAN><SPAN
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<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
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<DIV
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<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'">From:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'">
bounce-3453666-6832966@list.cornell.edu
[mailto:bounce-3453666-6832966@list.cornell.edu] <B>On Behalf Of </B>Todd
McDonald<BR><B>Sent:</B> 2009-01-12 11:12<BR><B>To:</B>
child-maltreatment-research-l@list.cornell.edu<BR><B>Subject:</B> child
trauma</SPAN></P></DIV>
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<P class=MsoNormal>List members, could someone point me towards some
of the most recent empirical studies of child trauma? We
recently purchased the child welfare trauma training toolkit, but
would like our staff to read a few articles about trauma in
advance. </P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal> </P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal>Todd McDonald</P></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
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