[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index]
RE: Dear list members:
<x-html><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<HTML><HEAD>
<META http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=us-ascii">
<META content="MSHTML 6.00.2716.2200" name=GENERATOR>
<STYLE>@font-face {
font-family: Tahoma;
}
@font-face {
font-family: MS Sans Serif;
}
@page Section1 {size: 8.5in 11.0in; margin: 1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; }
P.MsoNormal {
FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman"
}
LI.MsoNormal {
FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman"
}
DIV.MsoNormal {
FONT-SIZE: 12pt; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman"
}
A:link {
COLOR: blue; TEXT-DECORATION: underline
}
SPAN.MsoHyperlink {
COLOR: blue; TEXT-DECORATION: underline
}
A:visited {
COLOR: blue; TEXT-DECORATION: underline
}
SPAN.MsoHyperlinkFollowed {
COLOR: blue; TEXT-DECORATION: underline
}
SPAN.EmailStyle17 {
COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial
}
DIV.Section1 {
page: Section1
}
</STYLE>
<STYLE>P.MsoNormal {
MARGIN-LEFT: 1.5pt
}
</STYLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY lang=EN-US style="MARGIN-TOP: 1.5pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 1.5pt" vLink=blue
link=blue>
<DIV><SPAN class=781410515-18072002><FONT face=Tahoma
size=2>Fred,</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=781410515-18072002><FONT face=Tahoma
size=2></FONT></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=781410515-18072002><FONT face=Tahoma size=2>I just wanted to
let you know that your post about Alaskan Natives is one of the most concise,
relevant and interesting things I have ever read on this list or, for that
matter, anywhere. The conditions you are working with call for social work
in its most essential form and I'm almost (but not quite) inspired enough to go
to Alaska and try to help. Any research involved in this work would probably not
be very scientific, but definitely fascinating. </FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=781410515-18072002><FONT face=Tahoma
size=2></FONT></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=781410515-18072002><FONT face=Tahoma size=2>I would have sent
this back-channel, but there was no email address in your signature
line.</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<P><FONT
size=2>***************************************************************************<BR> Ron
Kokish at Delson-Kokish Associates, P.O. Box 476, Trinidad, CA
95570<BR> Clinical and Forensic
Evaluations, Consultation &
Training<BR>
(707)677-3181-voice
(707)677-0187-fax<BR>
ron@delko.net-email
www.northcoast.com/~dka<BR>***************************************************************************<BR></FONT></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr style="MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV class=OutlookMessageHeader dir=ltr align=left><FONT face=Tahoma
size=2>-----Original Message-----<BR><B>From:</B>
owner-CHILD-MALTREATMENT-RESEARCH-L@cornell.edu
[mailto:owner-CHILD-MALTREATMENT-RESEARCH-L@cornell.edu]<B>On Behalf Of
</B>Fred Kopacz<BR><B>Sent:</B> Wednesday, July 17, 2002 11:15
AM<BR><B>To:</B> Child Maltreatment Researchers<BR><B>Subject:</B> RE: Dear
list members:<BR><BR></FONT></DIV>
<DIV class=Section1>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">I believe our
colleague statement about never treating American Indians/Alaska Natives
differentially is an overgeneralization and fails to recognize the actual
conditions under which many AIAN people live. Since I am most familiar with
</SPAN></FONT><FONT face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Alaska</SPAN></FONT><FONT
face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">, my remarks are
applicable only within this state; although, some may be more broadly
applicable to life on lower 48 reservations as well.</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"></SPAN></FONT> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">First, we all
recognize that the number one goal in the situation is to protect the child
from harm. The reality is doing so typically means police and judiciary
action. Those resources are not available in most </SPAN></FONT><FONT
face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Alaska</SPAN></FONT><FONT
face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> villages. Let me
cite a few statistics from a recent DOJ proposal. Alaska Natives comprise 16%
of the state’s total population. I believe this constitutes the highest
proportion of Natives of any state. The last data I had indicated that Alaska
Natives represent 51% of the substantiated reports of harm and 54% of children
taken into custody by CPS. While </SPAN></FONT><FONT face=Arial color=navy
size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Alaska</SPAN></FONT><FONT
face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> has 325 communities
identified by the U.S, Census, Alaska State Troopers are located in only 42 of
them. (I believe the state child protection agency has even fewer field
offices.) The Dept. of Public Safety has attempts a broader presence through
the Village Public Safety Officer program that operates in conjunction with
the Native Corporations; however, VPSO’s experience an annual turn-over
of 55%. Many positions remain vacant and some Native Corporations want nothing
to do with the program that places minimally trained personnel in villages to
provide law enforcement. Overlaying this is the fact that although
</SPAN></FONT><FONT face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Alaska</SPAN></FONT><FONT
face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">’s land area is
almost 1/3 that of the contiguous 48 states, it is has fewer road miles than
</SPAN></FONT><FONT face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Vermont</SPAN></FONT><FONT
face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">. Getting from one
village to another requires travel by boat, small aircraft, or snow machine.
All highly dependent on the weather and inherently dangerous (just review the
state’s accident data). Enforcing (or even getting) a restraining or
protection order is not a reality under these circumstances. In addition to
the lack of access to courts and police protection, the other reality of
village life is that most villages consist of a few families. Thus, a victim
can not avoid daily contact with the perpetrator and his/her family. If a
complaint results in incarceration, most victims can expect ostracism and
retribution from the perpetrator’s (and sometimes own) family. Often, the
victim’s only real choice is to try to flee the community and even that is not
easy because of cost and the fact that the airstrip is the center of town and
many people go out to greet each arriving flight. I have seen cases where
disclosure of incest has split families as most of the family became angry at
the victim revealing the incident caused because it resulted in an elder being
sent to jail. Coupled with the fact that many Alaska Natives are highly
suspicious of the courts and child protection agency anyway because they
perceive that all these institutions ever do send the men and children out of
town to jail or foster care after which they always seem to come back with
more problems than they started. </SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"></SPAN></FONT> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Further complicating
the issues is the fact that the rate of FAS and the spectrum of prenatal
alcohol exposure conditions disproportionately affects Alaska Natives. While
typically we view this as a problem of children, it should be viewed as a
problem of adults. While not necessary to recite the clinical issues involved
in the condition, most would agree that impulsivity, poor judgment, inability
to predict consequences, and having no concept of time are not attributes of
good parenting. </SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"></SPAN></FONT> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">There are no easy,
straight forward solutions to this highly complex issue and, I believe, that,
at least in </SPAN></FONT><FONT face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Alaska</SPAN></FONT><FONT
face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">, we need to develop
an entirely different approach that is rooted in Native cultural and not
Western thinking. The Hollow Waters experience in </SPAN></FONT><FONT
face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Canada</SPAN></FONT><FONT
face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> offers the basis for
such an approach and I am hoping to adapt it as part of a grass roots
community development initiative being put forth in this
state.</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"></SPAN></FONT> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Fred
Kopacz</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Southcentral
Foundation</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Anchorage</SPAN></FONT><FONT
face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">, </SPAN></FONT><FONT
face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Alaska</SPAN></FONT><FONT
face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">
</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"></SPAN></FONT> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face=Tahoma size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">-----Original
Message-----<BR><B><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">From:</SPAN></B> Freya
Schultz [mailto:freya@co.santa-barbara.ca.us] <BR><B><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Sent:</SPAN></B> Tuesday, July 16, 2002 12:46
PM<BR><B><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">To:</SPAN></B> Child Maltreatment
Researchers<BR><B><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Subject:</SPAN></B> Re: Dear
list members:</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face="Times New Roman"
size=3><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></SPAN></FONT> </P>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face="MS Sans Serif"
size=1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'MS Sans Serif'">Look at
the Family to Family Initiative at the Annie E. Casey site, at
</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face="MS Sans Serif"
size=1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'MS Sans Serif'"><A
href="http://www.aecf.org/familytofamily/";>http://www.aecf.org/familytofamily/</A> in
the tools section. </SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face="MS Sans Serif"
size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'MS Sans Serif'"></SPAN></FONT> </P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face="MS Sans Serif"
size=1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'MS Sans Serif'">To treat
Native Americans differently from best practice for other ethnic groups is
unconscionable. </SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face="MS Sans Serif"
size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'MS Sans Serif'"></SPAN></FONT> </P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face="MS Sans Serif"
size=1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'MS Sans Serif'">I used to
do the domestic violence program for our local District Attorney, and we would
NEVER consider removing a child from a mother involved in domestic violence
who separated from the perpetrator and could protect her children. We
worked to strengthen and protect her, and help the children in the
process. Many ethnic groups respond well to the focus on enlisting the
mother in protecting her children from repeating the cycle, when other reasons
to protect herself are not culturally acceptable (women's rights,
etc.)..</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face="MS Sans Serif"
size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'MS Sans Serif'"></SPAN></FONT> </P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face="MS Sans Serif"
size=1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'MS Sans Serif'">We were
the first LEA grant in the country to do this type of program , with published
success rates (starting in 1978). The only thing that works is to get
the perpetrator under the control of the courts, remove the decision to
prosecute from the victims, and lodge it with the prosecuting agency, where it
belongs. The victim is only a witness, in this paradigm. I will
try to dig up the research here at UCSB on this issue. Removing the
children from the nonabusing spouse compounds the harm to the children.
Our district attorney designed the National College of District Attorneys
curriculum on how to use victim services to accomplish the goal of prosecution
AND helping the victims at the same time.</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face="MS Sans Serif"
size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'MS Sans Serif'"></SPAN></FONT> </P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face="MS Sans Serif"
size=1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'MS Sans Serif'">Freya
Schultz</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face="MS Sans Serif"
size=1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'MS Sans Serif'">Santa
Barbara, CA</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face="MS Sans Serif"
size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'MS Sans Serif'"></SPAN></FONT> </P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face="MS Sans Serif"
size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'MS Sans Serif'"></SPAN></FONT> </P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in"><FONT face="MS Sans Serif"
size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'MS Sans Serif'"></SPAN></FONT> </P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.5in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in"><FONT
face="MS Sans Serif" size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'MS Sans Serif'">Freya Schultz<BR>Staff
Analyst<BR>Santa Barbara County Social Services<BR>234 Camino del
Remedio<BR>Santa Barbara, CA 93110<BR>(805) 681-4626<BR><<A
href="mailto:freya@co.santa-barbara.ca.us";>freya@co.santa-barbara.ca.us</A>><BR><BR>>>>
AHAGEMEI@che.umn.edu 07/16/02 09:14AM >>> <BR>Dear list members:
<BR>I received a local request for information that I am hoping you can help
with. An advocacy organization that is working with some Indian Child Welfare
Act (ICWA) lawyers called looking for research to support best practice
regarding Indian children, removal from families, placements, and services.
The three best practice positions they are working on are: <BR>1. Whenever
possible, it is beneficial to keep a child with a parent/mother in situations
where there is domestic violence and she is able to gain resources to keep
herself and her children safe. <BR>2. Removal of children from their
family/mother/parent is detrimental and should be avoided unless all other
options have been exhausted. <BR>3. Services and interventions that are
culturally specific and culturally senstive to Native American/American Indian
families will yield better results than those which are not. <BR>Can you
please point me is some directions about such research? I am going to search
the NCCAN database, too. <BR>Thanks, <BR>Anna <BR><BR><BR><BR>Annelies
Hagemeister, PhD, MSW <BR>Link Project Coordinator, MINCAVA <BR><U><A
href="http://www.mincava.umn.edu/link";>www.mincava.umn.edu/link</A></U>
<BR>School of Social Work <BR>University of Minnesota <BR>St. Paul, MN 55108
<BR>PH: 612-625-2216 <BR>FX: 612-625-4288 <BR>612-625-2216
</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE></BODY></HTML>
</x-html>From ???@??? Thu Jul 18 13:35:32 2002
Status: U
Return-Path: <owner-CHILD-MALTREATMENT-RESEARCH-L@cornell.edu>
Received: from elist02.mail.cornell.edu (elist02.mail.cornell.edu [132.236.56.15])
by postoffice.mail.cornell.edu (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id NAA02742;
Thu, 18 Jul 2002 13:34:46 -0400 (EDT)
Received: (from daemon@localhost)
by elist02.mail.cornell.edu (8.9.3/8.9.3) id NAA08502;
Thu, 18 Jul 2002 13:34:45 -0400 (EDT)
Received: from elist02.mail.cornell.edu (localhost [127.0.0.1])
by elist02.mail.cornell.edu (8.9.3/8.9.3) with SMTP id NAA08457;
Thu, 18 Jul 2002 13:34:27 -0400 (EDT)
Received: from mailhub2.mail.cornell.edu (mailhub2.mail.cornell.edu [132.236.56.26])
by elist02.mail.cornell.edu (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id NAA04352
for <CHILD-MALTREATMENT-RESEARCH-L@elist02.mail.cornell.edu>; Thu, 18 Jul 2002 13:21:45 -0400 (EDT)
Received: (from daemon@localhost)
by mailhub2.mail.cornell.edu (8.9.3/8.9.3) id NNDACAN325
for CHILD-MALTREATMENT-RESEARCH-L@elist02.mail.cornell.edu; Thu, 18 Jul 2002 13:21:47 -0400 (EDT)
Received: from revere3.musc.edu (revere3.musc.edu [128.23.203.10])
by mailhub2.mail.cornell.edu (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id NNDACAN232
for <CHILD-MALTREATMENT-RESEARCH-L@cornell.edu>; Thu, 18 Jul 2002 13:21:43 -0400 (EDT)
Received: from flopsy.musc.edu (flopsy.musc.edu [128.23.203.162])
by revere3.musc.edu (8.8.8/8.8.8) with ESMTP id NAA18864
for <CHILD-MALTREATMENT-RESEARCH-L@cornell.edu>; Thu, 18 Jul 2002 13:21:42 -0400 (EDT)
Received: from musc.edu (cl-00065b955fa0.emr.musc.edu [128.23.49.240])
by flopsy.musc.edu (8.11.6/8.11.6) with ESMTP id g6IHLgA03900
for <CHILD-MALTREATMENT-RESEARCH-L@cornell.edu>; Thu, 18 Jul 2002 13:21:42 -0400
Message-ID: <3D36F86F.67BA64C1@musc.edu>
Date: Thu, 18 Jul 2002 13:18:39 -0400
X-PH: V4.1@mailhub2
X-PH: V4.1@elist02 (Cornell Modified)
From: "Benjamin E. Saunders" <saunders@musc.edu>
Organization: National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center
X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.7 [en] (Win98; U)
X-Accept-Language: en,pdf
MIME-Version: 1.0
To: Child Maltreatment Researchers <CHILD-MALTREATMENT-RESEARCH-L@cornell.edu>
Subject: Re: Perpetrators of Child sexual abuse
References: <3A29493B9B18D6118AD80090278AECA2369809@EXCHANGE>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Message-Tag: 4985
Reply-To: CHILD-MALTREATMENT-RESEARCH-L@cornell.edu
Sender: owner-CHILD-MALTREATMENT-RESEARCH-L@cornell.edu
X-Listprocessor-Version: 8.2.09.cu.02/011115/14:19 -- ListProc(tm) by CREN
Joanne,
you might take a look at a study we did a few years ago. It was limited
to child rape, so it does not get directly at your specific question of
types of abuse. It is also limited to females. But, it does break down
several characteristics of child rapes by the relationship between
perpetrator and victim. The reference is:
Saunders, B. E. et al (1999). Prevalence, Case Characteristics, and
Long-Term Psychological Correlates of Child Rape Among Women: A
National Survey. Child Maltreatment, 4(3), 187-200.
Ben
Joanne Byrne wrote:
>
> Does anyone know of research that looks at the relationship of perpetrators
> of sexual abuse to the child and the types of abuse that they commit? E.g.
> whether relatives commit more serious forms of abuse than strangers.
>
> Thank you,
>
> Joanne Byrne
>
> Research Officer
> Department of Psychology
> Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
> The Mercer Building
> Mercer Street
> Dublin 2
> 00-353-1-4022137
> jobyrne@rcsi.ie
--
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Benjamin E. Saunders, Ph.D.
National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center
Medical University of South Carolina
165 Cannon Street, Box 250852 843-792-2945 Telephone
Charleston, SC 29425 843-792-3388 Fax
Visit our web sites: http://www.musc.edu/cvc/
http://www.vawprevention.org/home.html
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~