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Measuring corporal punishment



(1)  I would like to second the point that it is important to measure use of
corporal punishment (CP) separately from attitudes about CP.   There are
many parents who are opposed to CP in principle, but do it in practice.  And
there are others who are not opposed, but who rarely or never hit their
child.   So separate measures are needed for behavior and for attitudes.

(2)  Both the original Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS) and the revised version
(the CTSPC)  provide a means to obtain behavioral data on the prevalence,
chronicity, and severity of CP by parents.   Either can be administered to
parents or to children.   This CTS was the main method of obtaining the data
for my book BEATING THE DEVIL OUT OF THEM:  CORPORAL PUNISHMENT IN AMERICAN
FAMILIES.    You will find the revised CTS in Child Abuse and Neglect,
1988: 249-27,  or you can order a reprint using the forms at the end of this
e mail.   It is paper CTS17.    The child-report version is only available
by ordering it from us.  Ask for paper CTS24.

(3) An article that can help deal with some of the problems in measuring CP
is "Spanking by parents:  Some ideas on measurement and analysis"  It was
published in the Behavioral Measurements Newsletter 1998. Spring, or can be
ordered from us.

(4) On attitudes toward corporal punishment,  see the work of George Holden,
for example:

 Holden, G. W. (1995). Parental attitudes toward childrearing. In M. H.
Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting (Vol. 3, pp. 459-392). Mahwah, NJ:
Lawrence Erlbaum.

Murray A. Straus, Professor of Sociology
& Co-Director,  Family Research Laboratory
University of New Hampshire,  Durham, NH 03824
Phone:  603 862-2594   Fax:  603 862-1122
E-mail  MAS2@CHRISTA.UNH.EDU

       PUBLICATIONS ON CORPORAL PUNISHMENT OF CHILDREN

                  Family Research Laboratory
                  University of New Hampshire
                        126 Horton SSC
                     Durham, NH 03824, USA
            Ph: (603) 862-2594; Fax: (603) 862-1122
                     mas2@christa.unh.edu
                        www.unh.edu/frl

                             BOOKS
Straus, Murray A. 1994 . Beating The Devil Out of Them: Corporal Punishment
In American Families.  San
      Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass/Lexington. (Now available from Family
Research Laboratory).
Donnelly, Michael and Murray A. Straus (editors). In preparation. Corporal
Punishment of Children in
      Theoretical Perspective.  New Haven: Yale University Press.


                            ARTICLES
         * Indicates items available for distribution.

*CP1B  Brown, Bruce W. 1979.  "Parents' Discipline of Children in Public
Places." Family Co-Coordinator
      28 (1):67-71.  $1.00
*V42  Burns, Nanci M. and Murray A. Straus. 1987.  "Cross-National
Differences in Corporal Punishment,
      Infant Homicide, and Socioeconomic Factors".  Durham, NH:  Family
Research Laboratory,
      University of NH. (The main findings are summarized in Beating the
Devil out of Them (Chapter 7).
      $1.50.
VX43  Carson, Barbara A. 1986. Parents Who Don't Spank: Deviation in the
Legitimation of Physical Force.
      Durham, NH: Ph.D dissertation. University of New Hampshire.
*SR65  Cook, Kimberly J. 1993. "Pro-Death Politics: Debunking the 'Pro-Life'
Agenda." Political Crime in
      Contemporary America: A Critical Analysis, edited by Kenneth D.
Tunnell.  New York: Garland Press.
      $2.50
*CP45 Dietz, Tracy L.  1997.  "Disciplining children: characteristics
associated with the use  of corporal
      punishment and non-violent discipline". Durham, NH: Family Research
Laboratory, University of New
      Hampshire. $2.50.
*V11  Gelles, Richard J., and Murray A. Straus. 1975.  "Family Experience
and Public Support of the Death
      Penalty."  American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 44 (July):596-613.
Also reprinted in Hugo Bedau
      and Chester M. Pierce (eds.), Capital Punishment in the United States.
New York: AMS Press,
      1976; and in David G. Gil (ed.), Child Abuse and Violence.  NY: AMS
Press, 1979.  $1.50
CP17  Giles-Sims, Jean., and Julie Mason. 1993.  "Parent attitudes about
corporal punishment and child
      behavior problems: a longitudinal study". Paper presented at the 1993
meeting of the American
      Sociological Association, 13 August 1993.
*CP16  Giles-Sims, Jean., Murray A. Straus., and David B. Sugarman.  1995.
"Child, Maternal and Family
      characteristics Associated with Corporal Punishment"  Family
Relations. 44(2):170-176 $1.50.
CP2  Kandel, Elizabeth. 1991. "Physical Punishment and the Development of
Aggressive and Violent
      Behavior: A Review." Durham, NH: Family Research Laboratory,
University of New Hampshire.
*VA41  Larzelere, Robert E. 1986.  "Moderate Spanking: Model or Deterrent of
Children's Aggression in
      the Family."  Journal of Family Violence 1(March):27-36. $1.00
*CA4  Moore David W. and Murray A. Straus. 1988. "Corporal Punishment by New
Hampshire Parents and
      its Correlates" Durham NH: Family Research Laboratory, University of
New Hampshire. $2.00.
*V6  Owens, David M. and Murray A. Straus. 1975.  "The Social Structure of
Violence in Childhood and
      Approval of Violence as an Adult."  Aggressive Behavior l:193-211.
Also reprinted Pp. 107-125,
      in Irwin H. Hyman and James H. Wise (eds.), Corporal Punishment in
American Education:  Readings
      in History, Practice and Alternatives.  Temple University Press, 1979.
$1.50
VX1 Steinmetz, Suzanne K. 1971.  "Occupational and Psysical Punishment: A
Response to Straus."
      Journal of Marriage and the Family 33 (November):664-666.
VX2  Steinmetz, Suzanne K. 1974.  "Occupational Environment in Relation to
Physical Punishment." Pp.
      166-172.  In Steinmetz and Straus (eds.), Violence in the Family.  NY:
Harper and Row (Originally
      published by Dodd, Mead).
CP57  Stewart, Julie H. 1998. Pro-Violence attitudes and approval of
corporal punishment. Unpublished
      Manuscript, Family Research Lab, University of New Hampshire, Durham,
NH.
*V2  Straus, Murray A. 1971.  "Some Social Antecedents of Physical
Punishment:  A Linkage Theory
      Interpretation."  Journal of Marriage and the Family  33 (November):
659-663.  $1.50
*VA33  Straus, Murray A. 1983.  "Corporal Punishment, Child Abuse, and Wife
Beating: What Do They
      Have in Common?"  In The Dark Side of Families:  Current Family
Violence Research, edited by D.
      Finkelhor, R.J. Gelles, G.T. Hotaling, and M.A. Straus.  Beverly
Hills, CA: Sage.  Also in Straus and
      Gelles (1990) Physical Violence in American Families. (Former title
"Ordinary Violence, Child Abuse,
      and Wife Beating: What Do They Have in Common?") $1.50.
CP8   Straus, Murray A. 1992.  "Physical Punishment by Parents and Human
Social Evolution" Paper
      presented at the 13th Annual Darwin Festival.  February, 1992.
*CP1  Straus, Murray A. 1991.  "Discipline and Deviance: Physical Punishment
of Children and Violence
      and Other Crime in Adulthood." Social Problems 38(2):101-123. $2.00
CP1X  Straus, Murray A. 1991.  "New Theory and Old Canards About Family
Violence Research."  Social
      Problems 38(2):180-197. (Reply to Kurz, Loseke, and McCord Critiques
which appeared in Social
      Problems 38(2):155-179.
CP9  Straus Murray A. 1992.  "Adverse Effects of physical punishment: The
experiences of two nationally
      representative samples" Paper presented at the 1992 meeting of the
Eastern Psychological
      Association.
CP19  Straus, Murray A. 1993. "Corporal Punishment by parents and the
effects on children".  Paper
      presented at the Autumn General meeting of the American Philosophical
Society,  Philadelphia, 12
      November 1993.
CP15  Straus, Murray A. 1993. "Corporal Punishment: Background and Goals Of
the Task Force on the
      Effects of Corporal Punishment on Children."  Child, Youth, and Family
Services Quarterly.  15: 1-2.
      (Division 37 of the American Psychological Association).
*CP6  Straus, Murray A. 1994.  "Is Corporal Punishment by Parents Abusive?"
In Eillen Gambrill and Mary
      Ann Mason, editors.  Children and Adolescents: Controversial Issues.
Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
      $1.50.
*CP11 Straus, Murray A. 1994. "Ten Myths About Spanking Children"  Chapter
10 in Murray A. Straus,
      Beating the Devil out of them: Corporal Punishment in American
Families. San Francisco, CA:
      Jossey-Bass/Lexington. $2.00
*CP3  Straus, Murray A. 1995.  "Corporal Punishment of Children and
Depression and Suicide in
      Adulthood."  In Joan McCord (editor) Coercion and Punishment in Long
Term Perspective.  New
      York: Cambridge University Press. Also in Murray A. Straus, Beating
the Devil out of them: Corporal
      Punishment in American Families. San Francisco, CA:
Jossey-Bass/Lexington. 1994. $2.50
*CP30  Straus, Murray A. 1995. "Corporal Punishment by Parents and its
effects on children"  In Richard
      J. Gelles (ed.). Families & Violence, Abuse, & Neglect.  Minneapolis:
National Council on Family
      relations, Vision 2010 Series. 3(1): 20-21. $.50.
*CP31  Straus, Murray A. 1996. Spanking and the making of a violent society"
Pediatrics: The Short and
      long-term consequences of corporal punishment, 88,(4) 837-842. $2.00.
*CP38 Straus, Murray A.  1997 Beating up the bearer of the bad news about
corporal punishment.
      Contemporary Psychology 42(8)759-761.$1.50.
*CP48 Straus, Murray A. 1997 "Should parents spank their kids?: It can leave
Psychic Scars".  New York
      Daily News.  (Sunday October 5, 1997, pp 51) $1.00.
*CP49 Straus, Murray A.  1998  "Spanking by Parents -- Some ideas on
measurement and analysis of a
      neglected risk factor for serious mental health problems". Behavioral
Measurements Letter. 15(2)3-8
      $1.50.
CP52  Straus, Murray A. 1998 "A quasi-experiment on changing community norms
about spanking as a
      method of reducing delinquency, violence, and other crime." Paper
presented at the 93rd Annual
      Meeting of the American Sociological Association. San Francisco, 22
Aug 98.
CP58 Straus, Murray A. 1998. "New and more definitive evidence about the
benefits of avoiding corporal
      punishment." Paper presented at the National Society for the
Prevention of Cruilty to Children.
      London.  Durham, NH:  Family Research Laboratory, University of New
Hampshire. $2.50.
CP59  Straus, Murray A. 1998. "Comments on : Bum Rap: Antispanking activists
should take a time-out."
      Durham, NH: Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire.
$2.50.
*CP27  Straus, Murray A. and Anita K. Mathur  1996.  "Social Change and
Change in Approval of Corporal
      Punishment by Parents from 1968 to 1992."  In Frehsee, D., Horn W.,
and Bussmann, K. (Eds)
      Family violence Against Children: A Challenge for Society.  NY: Walter
de Gruyter. $2.00.
*CP29   Straus, Murray A. and Anita K. Mathur  1995.  "Corporal Punishment
and Children's Academic
      Achievement"  Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Pacific
Sociological, San francisco,
      April 7, 1995. $1.50.
*CP13  Straus, Murray A. and Carrie Yodanis 1993. "Physical Abuse"  Paper
presented at the 1993
      meeting of the American Sociological Association. Chapter 6 in Murray
A. Straus, Beating the devil
      out of them: Corporal Punishment in American Families. San Francisco,
CA: Jossey-Bass/Lexington.
      1994. $2.00
*CP23  Straus, Murray A. and Carrie Yodanis (1996). Corporal punishment in
adolescence and physical
      assaults on spouses later in life: What accounts for the link? Journal
of Marriage and the Family,
      58,(4)825-841. $2.50.
*CP12  Straus, Murray A. and Denise Donnelly. 1993 "Corporal Punishment of
Teen Age Children In the
      United States"   Youth and Society 24: 419-442.  $1.50
*CP28  Straus, Murray A. and Denise Donnelly.  1994.  "The fusion of Sex and
Violence". Chapter 8 in
      Murray A. Straus Beating the Devil out of them: Corporal Punishment in
American Families.  San
      Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass/Lexington. 1994. $1.50.
*CP51  Straus, Murray A., & Mallie J. Paschall. 1998. Corporal punishment by
mothers and child's
      cognitive development: A longitudinal study. Paper presented at the
14th World Congress of
      Sociology, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.  Durham, NH: Family Research
Laboratory, University of New
      Hampshire. $2.50.
*CP5  Straus, Murray A. and Glenda Kaufman Kantor. 1994. "Corporal
Punishment by Parents: A Risk
      Factor in the Epidemiology of Depression, Suicide, Alcohol Abuse,
Child Abuse and Wife Beating"
      Adolescence 29(115):543-561.  San Diego, CA: Libra Publishers. $2.00.
*V57 Straus, Murray A. and Glenda Kaufman Kantor.  1995.  "Trends in
Physical Abuse by Parents from
      1975 to 1992: A Comparison of Three National Surveys"  Paper presented
at the annual meeting
      of the American Society of Criminology, Boston.  Durham, NH: Family
Research Laboratory.  $2.00.
*CP7  Straus, Murray A. and Holley Gimpel. 1994. "Corporal Punishment by
Parents and Economic
      Achievement: A Theoretical Model and Some Preliminary Data."  Paper
presented at the 1992
      meeting of the American Sociological Association.  Chapter 9 in Murray
A. Straus, Beating the Devil
      out of them: Corporal Punishment in American families. San Francisco,
CA: Jossey-Bass/Lexington.
      1994. $2.00
*CP10  Straus, Murray A. and Sean Lauer 1992. "Corporal Punishment of
Children and Crime In Ethnic
      Group Context."  Paper presented at the 1992 Annual Meeting of the
American Society of
      Criminology. $2.00.
*CP4  Straus, Murray A. and Teresita Camacho. (In press, 1997) "Corporal
Punishment In A National
      Sample of Hispanic-American Families."  Journal of Comparative Family
Studies $2.50.
*CP25  Straus, Murray A., and Carrie Yodanis. 1995.  "Corporal Punishment by
parents: Implications for
      primary prevention of assaults on spouses and children".  The
University of Chicago Law School
      Roundtable: Chicago. 2(1): 35-66. $2.50.
*CP24 Straus, Murray A., David B. Sugarman., and  Jean Giles-Sims.  1997.
"Corporal Punishment by
      Parents and Subsequent Anti-Social Behavior of Children" Archives of
Pediatrics & Adolescent
      Medicine, 155, 761-767.  $2.00.
*CP36 Straus, M. A., & Julie H. Stewart. 1998. "Corporal punishment by
American parents: National data
      on prevalence, chronicity, severity, and duration, in relation to
child, and family characteristics".
      Paper presented at the 14th World Congress of Sociology, Montreal.
Durham, NH: Family Research
      Laboratory. $2.50.
*CP39 Straus, Murray A. & Vera E. Mouradian.  1998  "Impulsive Corporal
Punishment by Mothers and
      Antisocial Behavior and Impulsiveness of children" Behavioral Sciences
and the Law. 16: 353-374.
      $2.50.
CP26 Tsang, Rita.  1995.  "Social Stress, Social Learning, and Anger as Risk
Factors for Corporal
      Punishment".  Unpublished manuscript.  Durham, NH:  Family Research
Laboratory, University of
      New Hampshire.
*CV10  Turner, Heather A., and David Finkelhor. 1996.  "Corporal Punishment
as a Stressor among
      Youth."  Journal of Marriage and the Family. 58(1):155-166 $2.50.
CP18  Turner, Heather. 1998,  In Press.  "Corporal Punishment and the stress
process"  To appear in
      Michael Donnelly and Murray A. Straus (Eds.), Corporal Punishment of
Children in Theoretical
      Perspective.
CP44 Walsh, Wendy.  1997. "Social Influences on spanking" master's thesis,
University of New Hampshire,
      Durham, NH.
CP56 Walsh, Wendy. 1998. Planting seeds for nonviolent  homes: Parent
educators' experiences
      presenting a no-spanking discipline curriculum. Unpublished
Manuscript, Family Research Lab,
      University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH.
*VB9  Wauchope, Barbara A. and Murray A. Straus. 1990. "Physical Punishment
and Physical Abuse of
      American Children: Incidence Rates By Age, Gender, and Occupational
Class."  In  Physical Violence
      in American Families: Risk Factors and Adaptations to Violence in
8,145 Families, edited by Murray
      A. Straus and Richard J. Gelles.  New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction
Publishers.  $1.50.
*CP33  Wolak, Janis. 1996.  "Patterns of Parental Control and sibling
Violence".  Durham, NH: Family
      Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire.
CP14  Yodanis, Carrie.  1992.  Corporal Punishment and the Fusion of Love
and Violence.  Durham, NH:
      Unpublished M.A. Thesis, University of New Hampshire.
                 B E A T I N G  T H E  D E V I L
                     O U T   O F   T H E M:
           CORPORAL PUNISHMENT IN AMERICAN FAMILIES

                       MURRAY A. STRAUS
          (Published by Jossey-Bass/Lexington, 1994)
       Now available from the Family Research Laboratory

             I. SPANKING -- THE VIRTUOUS VIOLENCE
                                1. The Conspiracy of Silence
 2. Everyone Does It, But Less Now
 3. Hitting Adolescents
 4. Who Spanks the Most?

                    II. THE PRICE OF VIRTUE
 5. Depression and Suicide
 6. Physical Abuse
 7. Violence and Crime
 8. The Fusion of Sex and Violence
 9. Alienation and Reduced Income

                        III. THE FUTURE
 10. Ten Myths that Perpetuate Corporal Punishment
 11. Social Evolution and Corporal Punishment

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                CORPORAL PUNISHMENT OF CHILDREN

                  Family Research Laboratory
      University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
         Phone: (603) 862-2594     FAX: (603) 862-1122
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-----Original Message-----
From: Sandra Bishop <bishop@CDMAS.med.yale.edu>
To: Child Maltreatment Researchers
<CHILD-MALTREATMENT-RESEARCH-L@cornell.edu>
Date: Wednesday, April 21, 1999 4:50 AM
Subject: screening questions for abuse vs. harsh discipline


>Hello,
>
>A colleague is starting to analyze data from a screening questionnaire
>and asked me to post this query.
>
>The questionnaire contains 3 items regarding parental discipline:
>
>1) Have you spanked your child more than once in the previous month?
>2) Have you ever felt like you have lost control while spanking your
>child?
>3) Have you ever left a mark from spanking your child?
>
>If a parent endorses any 2 of these 3 items, she is trying to use this as
>an indication of either: "corporal punishment"; or "harsh discipline"; or
>"potential abuse".
>
>What do you think of this?  Would endorsing 2 of the 3 items qualify as
>punishment or harsh discipline or potential abuse?
>
>
>Thank you.
>
>Sandra Bishop
>Yale Child Study Center